Cosmology Essays (1156 words) - Physical Cosmology, Astronomy

Cosmology Cosmology Cosmology has always been an interesting area of study for me. For as long as I can remember, every time I look up at the night sky, a million questions pop into my head. Questions such as ?Is there an intelligent life out there ?How large is space, does it expand infinitely, if it does, what does it expand into These and many other questions still plague my mind. We can define Cosmology as the study of the heavens as a whole, including theories about its origin, evolution, large-scale structure, and future. I would definitely agree to this description, and would like to explain my point of view of the topics that Cosmology covers. Personally, I tend to believe that the big bang theory may have an explanation for the current state of our universe. The idea that all of this exploded from a super mass isn't too hard to believe. It gives good reason to the expansion of the universe, and the 360degree view of the universe (this because the explosion would have sent mass outward in every direction), but I wouldn't think of it as the origin of the universe. I mean, in my mind, something had to be there to cause this super mass. Was the universe contracting until it formed this huge mass? I believe that we may never know how the universe came about, rather have some idea as to what came directly before it's current state as well as before that and so on. We could come up with ideas until we die, and someone would just continue in our footsteps. I do have one idea as to how this super mass which is the being behind the big bang theory came to be one mass. Scientists as well as philosophers and just about anyone you tal k to can tell you that the universe is still expanding today, possibly because of the big bang. Though no one could tell you how this super mass came to be, or how it originated. I believe that there is a never-ending cycle of the expansion and contraction of the entire universe. The universe as we know it now is in a state of expansion. Though there are millions of gravitational fields out there opposing this expansion. What if there came a point in time where the force of expansion (caused by the big bang) exhausted itself and the forces of gravity took over and began contracting the universe back towards a center of equalized gravity and into a super mass? (You could probably find a mass in the universe today that is the largest and has the strongest gravitational force of any other mass, and name that the possible center of a new super mass). We would then have an answer to the theory of a big bang, and there would definitely be chaos in the distant future of Earth. Though, we s till would have no idea how any mass was formed, nor how it appeared in space. There is also still the question of space, what is it, what is containing it if anything, how did it come about? And many more questions like that. Maybe all of these questions can be answered with death. They could be answered by proving the existence of God and asking these questions. I personally believe in God. I want to tell myself that there is a being that gives us some direction, while giving us free will to a certain extent. And while watching over life, takes care of the universe. With all this belief, there is still a question in my mind as to what came before anything and what came before that and so on. It's like the question of the chicken and the egg, we could go on forever and still not be certain which came first unless we get into evolution, but I'm looking for the principal of the thing. This is why I believe that some things may be infinite. As far as infinity is concerned, I believe t hat such a phenomenon exists, I mean how better to explain many questions about the universe? I want to believe that somewhere, somehow there is a beginning point for

Expository Essay on How Music Affects Your Life

Expository Essay on How Music Affects Your Life A good point from which to begin writing your expository essay on how music affects your life is to understand the meaning of an expository essay. This type of essay requires that you explain the essay topic in a straightforward and logical manner, while presenting your essay ideas in a balanced way. Additionally, you should ensure that each argument is made based on facts. If you want to know if the essay paper you have been asked to write is an expository paper, then you must examine the instructions. This is because the instructions of an expository paper usually contain words that explain or even define an issue that is included in the topic of the essay paper. Even though the instructions of an expository paper may deceive one into believing that writing this paper is a simple affair, it is not always easy to write this type of essay paper. However, by following certain writing tips, the whole writing process can be easier. The ability to write expository papers is a skill that many people acquire with their day-to-day life activities to be successful in certain careers. One must master writing excellent expository essays. Writing an expository essay is not just about the content but also entails how the content is presented in the essay paper. The correct structure must be followed when this type of essay paper is being composed. For instance, it is standard for this paper, and many other types of essays, to begin with an introductory paragraph that contains a thesis or main idea. This should be followed by the body paragraphs that will explore the main ideas of the essay, before ending with a conclusion paragraph. Note that if you want to have an easy time writing this type of paper, then you cannot just begin writing the paper before passing through the prewriting stage. It is in the prewriting session that one brainstorms about the main idea and topic of the essay paper and carries out research while taking notes on important findings. The next step is developing an outline that will demonstrate where each point one wants to include in the essay paper is positioned. Additionally drafting the expository paper can then begin with writing the introduction paragraph, followed by the ideas written in the outline. In some cases, one may find it necessary to change the arrangement of the ideas, as indicated in the outline, should one come across exiting new ideas to include in the essay paper. Enjoy high-quality custom essay writing service provided by professional writing company CustomWritings.com.

Linguistics Course Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Linguistics Course Work - Essay Example Hudson (2000) points out that the use of anaphora is also influenced by the nature of the topic and the context of the discussion. In this perspective, the use of anaphora can also be utilized as a means of determining the nature and purpose of the conversation or discourse In the example given, anaphoras are used through the repetitive use of the same words or reference to bind the discourse by local syntactic operation (Napoli, 2003). The most dominant anaphora used in the exchange is with the use of pronouns. The car is referred to as it by both the husband in the 1st and 3rd dialogue and by the wife in the 2nd dialogue. Other anaphora used in the discourse include the one in the 4th dialogue, "up at the crack of dawn, and not home till mid-evening", where VP-ellipsis is used by the wife. As was seen in the example, language is not just a simple exchange but also involves a system that is as rich in meaning and value as the conversation itself. John Langshaw Austin, the author of the Speech Act Theory, is one of the linguists that supported the study of the manner by which words are used to derive meaning of discourses. ... Akmajian (2001) says that through the use of syntactical features, the participants in a discourse are able to maintain the context of their conversation allowing the consistency of thoughts and ideas. Some examples of syntactical features that are commonly used are anaphoric, cataphoric and deictic elements. It can also be achieved through logical tense structures, presuppositions and implications connected to general world knowledge. Anaphors and Cohesion The use of anaphora may vary according to the familiarity of the speakers to the subject and too each other. Hudson (2000) points out that the use of anaphora is also influenced by the nature of the topic and the context of the discussion. In this perspective, the use of anaphora can also be utilized as a means of determining the nature and purpose of the conversation or discourse In the example given, anaphoras are used through the repetitive use of the same words or reference to bind the discourse by local syntactic operation (Napoli, 2003). The most dominant anaphora used in the exchange is with the use of pronouns. The car is referred to as it by both the husband in the 1st and 3rd dialogue and by the wife in the 2nd dialogue. Other anaphora used in the discourse include the one in the 4th dialogue, "up at the crack of dawn, and not home till mid-evening", where VP-ellipsis is used by the wife. Austin and Grice As was seen in the example, language is not just a simple exchange but also involves a system that is as rich in meaning and value as the conversation itself. John Langshaw Austin, the author of the Speech Act Theory, is one of the linguists that supported the study of the manner by which words are used to derive meaning of discourses. His assumptions were based

Disfunctional equals to monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disfunctional equals to monsters - Essay Example The monster is a part of the human psyche, a manifestation of what is not the same, threatening to the status quo, or oppressive. Human pain is the central core to identifying and defining the concept of the ‘monster’, and in the relationship that is between the monster and victim, it is not always the perceived monster that holds the true evil. It is the fear of the unknown that is the core of the relationship between the monster and the victim. In the film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937), the dwarves determine that the creature under the sheet, which is actually Snow White, is a monster, and they determine before knowing what is under the sheet that they will kill it and chop it to pieces. All they knew was that the creature was an invader with an unknown intent, and the instinctual response was to destroy it without prejudice. This is the relationship that the unknown has with culture, representing something to fear and to despise without understanding anythi ng of the motivations that have brought the creature into existence. It is the fear of what it represents that gives the monster power while at the same time stealing from it its humanity, regardless of the level of humanity on which it relies. A monster may be a creature that is more animal, which would then deserve the compassion of humanity, or it may be a humanoid who seeks to belong and in its rejection, rebels with violent retribution. Regardless of its form, the monster/human relationship is one of the unknown as it threatens the known. According to Briefel â€Å"It is the monster’s pain that determines audience positioning in the horror film† (16). Take note it is the monster’s pain, not that of the victims who has creates the relationship. Briefel goes on to discuss the series of masochistic acts that are the predecessors to the eventual acts that the monster commits against victims. As an example, in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), the doctor administe rs a potion that gives him both extreme pain and satisfying pleasure, enough so that he takes the potion repeatedly as he turns into the monster. Freddy Krueger in the Nightmare on Elm Street series created by Wes Craven self-mutilates throughout the series, horrifying his potential victims with the pain that ripping of his own flesh, removing fingers or slicing open his own head (Briefel 17). In the case of Freddy Krueger, the self-mutilation serves as a point of alienation, his apparent lack of feeling in contrast to the threshold of pain that has been far exceeded by the average audience member. In the case of the character of Dr. Jekyll, his monstrosity is in his addiction to the power that is created when he is Mr. Hyde, the alienation from the audience created through the contrast he makes to the choices that the audience might make, but his allure through the temptation that he represents. In this way, the connection becomes one of both revulsion and fascination, the desire t o give into darker impulses fulfilled by the conscious, hideous choices of the monstrous representation. For many monsters, however, being a monster is not a choice but something that is imposed upon them and the true monstrosity is in the reactions of those who must cope with the presence of a creature that is

How does the overall diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography Article

How does the overall diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography enterography compare with magnetic resonance enterography for assessing disease activity in small bowel Crohn's disease - Article Example CTE is also similar in accuracy to the MRE. Both techniques are highly accurate in identity of abscesses and fistulas (sensitivities and specificities are greater than 0.80). However, MRE should be preferred over CT in young patients because of the absence of radiation. Both CTE and MRE have high accuracy in the assessment of suspected, as well as, established CD and are reliable in measuring complications and disease severity and give the probability of monitoring disease progress. Studies describe Crohn disease as a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the gastrointestinal tract and characterized by segmental and transmural swelling of the walls of the intestines. Its prevalence is increasing while its etiology is not known, though evidence suggests that genetic predisposition in combination with the abnormal interaction of the gut and enteric microbes is likely to play a role in its pathogenesis.1, 3,9,11 Studies investigating the pathology of CD have established that Crohn’s disease present with insidious or abrupt onset of diarrhoea and abdominal pain; this is accompanied by weight loss and fever. Bowel ulceration may cause fistulas and extramural abscesses. Pathologic findings of Crohn disease in the alimentary canal encompass deep ulcers, transmural granulomatous inflammation. 2, 3, 5 This may progress to fistulae and sinus tracts, discontinuous involvement with areas between diseased segments and structures that can result in intestinal o bstruction. Extra-intestinal manifestations include: cholelithiasis, arthritis, dermatologic abnormalities, growth retardation in children and ocular manifestations. Evaluation of inflammatory lesions in the intestines is crucial for managing CD patients, identification of disease extension and location during diagnosis is required in establishing a good management plan. These techniques are also accepted for the detection of all

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report The objectives in this section will reveal on what does the purposes of this research project served. Firstly, this project will briefly discuss about PESTE (Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technology, and Ecological) analysis on Malaysia. The discussion will go on into the literature part whereby it will firstly discuss various type of definitions of tourism. Then it will discuss about the tourism planning five approaches which will be Boosterism, Economic, Physical/Spatial, Community and Sustainable that has been utilized by Malaysia government. 1.2.1 Politic Malaya, which is now known as the peninsular Malaysia, became independent on August 31, 1957. In year 1963, Malaya merged with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to formed Malaysia. But after two years, Singapore has become an independent country on 9 August 1965. Now, Malaysia consists of 13 states whereby 11 of its are on Malay Peninsula and the other two, Sabah and Sarawak are on the island of Borneo. It has three federal territories which is Kuala Lumpur, Labuan island, and Putrajaya federal administrative territory. Each state has an assembly and government which are headed by a chief minister. Among 13 of these states, 9 of the states have hereditary rulers which are usually titled as sultans while the rest of the four states have appointed governors in counterpart positions. Although Malaysia is known for its strict rules but tourist who are visiting Malaysia not more than one month does not require visa from the Malaysian Immigration Department. It is also important that foreigners follow the conditions and laws of Malaysia. 1.2.2 Economy After 1957 where Malaysia became independent, the economy of the country was mainly based on rubber and tin. Since then, economy was growing and become a more industrialized market. In the 1997-1998 East Asian crises, Malaysia was one of the countries that involved in the Asian crisis but did not involve the International Monetary Fund (Sundaram, 2006). But it recovered from the recession very fast and since then, the economic was very stable with a GDP rate of RM679,687 million in year 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The government has spend an amount of RM 40.1 billion in subsidizing petrol, natural gas, food and road tolls in year 2007. Malaysia also does have a lower percentage in unemployment rate which is 3.3% recorded in July 2010 and 3.1% in August 2010 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). 1.2.3 Socio-cultural According to the Official Website of Department of Statistics Malaysia which was updated on 02 July 2010, it is stated that Malaysia currently has 28.25 millions people. It is well known that Malaysia is a multicultural country which consists of a mixture different ethnic which are Chinese, Indian, Malay, and also indigenous and others. Malays makes up almost half of the Malaysia and then follows by Chinese and Indian. Most of the Malays are Islam while others may belong to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism or other/none. Malaysia was recorded an annual rate of growth of 2.0%. The official language used in Malaysia was Bahasa Melayu, then followed by other language such as Chinese which comes with various dialects, English, Tamil and others. This makes Malaysia a perfect country for tourist to visit because there will be no language barriers for them as long as they can speak either one of them. 1.2.4 Technology Malaysia has a very good national and international telephone lines. It is because Peninsular Malaysia are using microwave radio relay and it provide a good connectivity between cities. It also have two international earth stations and also two Intelsat which are located at Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Thus, tourists who are travelling to Malaysia will have no connectivity problem. By now, Malaysia has a total of nine Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some of them are P1 WIMAX, Maxis Broadband, Streamyx, Jaring, Celcom Broadband and so on. On the other hand, Malaysia also have a good range of radio and television stations. It has 19 radio stations that are owned by private sector while 34 stations are owned by government. Furthermore, Malaysia has 58 airports. 36 of them are on East Malaysia while the rest, 22 are on Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, these technologies that available in this country will definitely make life easier for tourists. 1.2.5 Ecological Malaysia is full of biodiverse range of flora and fauna which can be found around the country. It is because the tropical rainforests comprises to almost 70% of Malaysia total land area. Malaysia has been recorded that it has the worlds fifth largest of mangrove forest whereby the world largest mangrove forest area is in Sundarban, Bangladesh. Ever since Malaysia has been filled with a lot of natural resources and environment, the government has also take part in preserving the environment to prevent further damage being caused to it. The government has put a lot of effort in preserving this environment by firstly introducing the Air Pollutant Index (API). The API is an indicator of air quality and was developed based on scientific assessment to indicate in an easily understood manner (Department of Environment, 2007). Besides, the Department of Environment (DOE) also conducted the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Programme to determine the Malaysian ambience status in year 2006 (Department of Environment, 2007). For the river water quality control, the DOE has started to monitoring the river since 1978 (Department of Environment, 2007). 2. Literature Review 2.1.1 Definitions of tourism There is no single definition of tourism to which everyone adheres. Many definitions have been used over the years, some of which are universal and can be applied to any situation, while others fulfill a specific purpose (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). But a more recent definition from WTO (1991 cited in Mason, 2003, p. 5) defined tourism as the activities of a person traveling outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of time whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited. However, none of these two definitions makes any connection to the impacts of tourism whereby impacts are the key to any discussion of the planning and management of tourism (Mason 2003, p. 5). But Jafari (1981, p. 3 cited in Mason, 2003, p.5) stated that tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the industry have for the socio-cultural, economic and physical environments. 2.2 Tourism Planning Approaches 2.2.1 Boosterism Boosterism has long existed ever since tourism started. Boosterism can also be defined as the act of boosting a travel destination or a city which are done usually by the people in the area affected. Hall (2000) comment that boosterism has long been the dominant tradition towards tourism since mass tourism began. Hence, sorts of effective method are being exploited in order to boost a place. A place which is full of resources such as cultural and natural can be taken as an example. Malaysia is a good set of example for cultural and nature tourism with its existing rich resources. Although boosterism has been active for a long period but it was only discovered by people when big event such as Commonwealth games and Formula 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ racing event are being held in different countries (Hall, 2000). The changes in tourist arrival and room supply by hotel can be noticed easily when these huge event are being held. It can be seen that Malaysia has been trying hard to promote the country by using different type of promotion to attract different type of tourist. For example, there is one event called Malaysia Year End Sale (YES) that is ongoing from 20 November 2010 to 2 January 2011 (Tourism Malaysia, 2010). The event purpose is to attract shopping tourist to Malaysia because at that time, all shop around Malaysia will be having alot of discount which can never be seen during other period. Another side of boosterism by Malaysia is advertising. The Minister of Tourism Malaysia has launched an advertising campaign called ZOOM! Malaysia for SMRT trains, busses, and taxis in Singapore (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). This advertising campaign specifically targets the public transport because it was popular among the locals and foreign tourists (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). From another side we can also see that Malaysia has successfully in promoting Malaysia in September 2006 whereby Tourism Malaysia has signed a  £2 million deal with Manchester United to promote Visit Malaysia Year 2007. This has also directly make Tourism Malaysia as one of the official sponsors of Manchester United Football Club (MANUTD, 2010). 2.2.2 Economic When tourism emerged as a part of economic sector in the decades following World War II, most researchers and government administrators assumed its growth to be a positive and desirable process (Lawton, 2010). Ever since then, many countries have used this as an opportunity to promote their country to other world as a tourist attraction. Countries with natural resources such as cultural and heritage area, historical place that are left behind after the impact of war will be a great benefit to the particular country in promoting tourism. Actually what can tourism contributes to a countrys economic status? The contribution can usually be measured at either a national level or at the local or regional scale. The impacts of tourism to economy are as follow: foreign exchange earnings; government revenues; generation of employment; regional development. One of the main characteristics of the economic approach is the use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitor who will provide the greatest economic benefit to the destination given the destinations specific tourist resources (Hall, 2000). For example, the Malaysia Year End Sale promotion that will be launching soon. Although the promotion will be all around Malaysia but it will be more focus on Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia because tourist will normally more focus in capital city. With the plenty of resources available in capital city such as high-end shopping malls, the promotion can be executed flawlessly with its aim achieved. 2.2.3 Physical/Spatial In the last decade of the twentieth century, it was noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or is the context in which tourism activity takes place (Holden, 2000). However, Lawton and Weaver (2010) argued that problems can occur if a destination becomes too dependent on tourism, or if the sector is controlled (or is perceived to be controlled) by outside interests. It is indeed a fact that tourism can cause both invisible and visible impacts to the environment. Therefore in order to minimise the impact that tourism can caused to the environment, Hall (2000) suggests that visitor managers should seek to manipulate travel patterns by concentrating or dispersing tourists in sensitive areas. For example, many national park limits a certain number of visitors per day to ensure minimal impact that can be caused to the area. Malaysia is indeed a most fortunate country that are blessed with a wide range of natural and cultural assets. Since it is blessed with so many assets, people who lived in the country each has their own responsibilities to take care of the environment. Therefore, the Malaysia government has come up with a campaign called 1MALAYSIA GREEN TOURISM, 1MALAYSIA CLEAN. The reason for launching this event was to built up the passion of people in keeping clean the environment, especially tourist attraction destinations. This campaign was also based on the tagline Think Tourism. Act Tourism by Minister of Tourism, YB Dato Sri Dr, Ng Yen Yen (1Malaysia Green Clean). 2.2.4 Community 2.2.5 Sustainable 2.3 The Butlers theory Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation (Rejuvenation) (Continued stagnation) (Decline) Critical carrying capacity threshold Source: Adapted from Butler 1980. 2.3.1 Exploration An explanation from oxford dictionary described exploration as the action of searching an area for natural resources. This can also be explained as a tourist tried to explore a destination (tourist destination) for leisure or relaxation. According to Butler, the exploration stage is characterised by very small numbers of visitors who are dispersed throughout the destnation and remain for an extended period of time ( Lawton and Weaver, 2010). In brief, exploration can also be described as the pre-tourism or the starting of a tourist attraction destination where not many people are there yet and most of the people does not know about it. Visitors that went to the place will experienced the most rural kind of services whereby improvement have not been done yet. Most of the exploration usually started from urban area. Malaysia first exploration started in the 13th century when Malacca was founded by a Sumatran prince. The place later became the most influential port city in the Southeast Asia during that time. That is the place where traders from all part of the world gathered and that was the time Malaysia was exposed to other countries visitors. But after Malaysia being exposed, a lot of countries tried to conquer Malaysia due to its rich resources. After 138 years, Malaysia finally gained its independence in 1957and since then Malaysia has undergone a tremendous growth and prosperity since 1957. 2.3.2 Involvement The involvement in here means that the involvement parties which may include visitors, government, or entrepreneurs. Local entrepreneurs will begin to provide a limited amount of specialised services and facilities in response to the appearance of tourists, thereby inaugurating an incipient tourism industry (Lawton and Weaver, 2010). Specialised services such as small eating places, inn, and maybe small transportation services might also be available. With these services, visitors might also be increasing but in a slow phase because things are still undeveloped. The role of advertising will also started in this phase as it will induces a definable pattern of seasonal variation. The place will started to get mentioned in articles and brochures but the affected part are still considered a small area. Word-of-mouth start to spread in a slow manner. 2.3.3 Development 2.3.4 Consolidation 2.3.5 Stagnation 2.3.6 Rejuvenation or Decline Rejuvenation Decline 3. Methodology The method that was used in completing this assignment includes web browsing. Several web search engine are being used frequently are Google, Yahoo and Wikipedia. These web search engine are only being used as a bridge to the information that we needed. Besides, government website are also being used frequently to acquire important facts and figures about the country. Website such as Malaysia Tourism Board, Department of Statistics Malaysia, and Malaysia Government Portal are where some of the facts and figures being collected. Other than websites, the information was also collected from books that are available daily in our institute. Several books have been lent in order to complete this assignment. Books such as Tourism Management, Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships, and Tourism Impacts: Planning and Management are noticeable throughout the assignment as citations are mostly quoted from these books. E-journal has also contributed quite some figure in this assignment whereby most of them are acquire through the institute research databases which are the MDIS EBSCOhost research databases. 4. Analysis and Discussions

49ers :: essays research papers

There are great times noted in the past. One of those great teams in the San Francisco 49ers. They have made history and are known as one of the type franchises in the history of the NFL. The 49ers are considered a dynasty to the media and fans. The 49ers are respected greatly for their Super Bowl achievements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It all started in 1946 when the San Francisco 49ers first began their franchise. In 1950 is when the moved to the National Football League. They earned their name from the gold miners who surged in San Francisco, in 1849, in search for gold so they could start a new life. Their first owner, Anthony J. Morabito, who was from the University of Santa Clara alumnus, had a dream of bringing a football team to the west. He had been moderately successful in the lumber hauling business. To make this happen, Anthony was put in touch with Arch Ward, an editor of the Chicago Tribune. Mr. Ward is credited with the All-American Conference, which was first held in October 1944. Anthony, after a long talk and negotiating with Mr. Ward, was granted a franchise with help from his younger brother, Victor, and partners in his lumbering business, Allen E. Sorrell, and E. J. Turre (â€Å"Niner’s history† www.49ersparadise.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Morabito’s first year he signed many famous and talented people such as Frankie Albert, Joe Vetrano, and Alyn Beals. With Lawerecneh T. (Buck) Shaw as the head coach, the 49ers slowly but surely won continuously, as they tried to get a spot in the National Football League. In their first four years in the ACC, the 49ers finished second behind the talent- packed Cleveland Browns. Finally, in 1950, fans celebrated for the entry of the 49ers into the NFL. They joined great teams such as the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts (â€Å"Niner’s history† www.49ersparadise.com). As soon as they got in, it seemed, they were making changes to make them a top contender in the league. Joined by Y.A. Tittle, and shared quarterback Frankie Albert, the 49ers missed the Conference Finals by half game. From then on they were in the race for the prize except in the years 1955, 1956, and 1958. Just as everything looked like it would turn out great, a tragic event happened that scared players and fans for life. During a game on October 27, 1957, Tony Morabito died of a heart attack.

PepsiCo Supply chain Essay

For the entire document (with exhibits and important disclosures associated with its content, if applicable), view original document (PDF) The changing beverage marketplace has resulted in some major transformations amongst the industry’s chief competitors. The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc. have both recognized the changes and have taken action to preserve their success with their all-important systems of bottlers. We expect these changes to be beneficial including the opportunity to focus on innovation and to improve the cost effectiveness of bringing the product to market. In 1899, two lawyers from Tennessee secured exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca-Cola for only one dollar (www.coke.com). Asa Candler, then President of The Coca-Cola Company, was not convinced that selling the product in bottles was the way to go. No one could have predicted how popular Coca-Cola and its main competitor, Pepsi-Cola, would become. The relationship between company and bottler has always been very important. Today, 54 billion beverages of all types are served every day.1 Products from PepsiCo Inc. (PEP) and The Coca-Cola Company (KO) account for more than two thirds of the sales in the carbonated soft drink (CSD) category.2 These companies have battled with each other for many years and in the process have had to adapt to consumer shifts and increasing complexity concerning product distribution. Once again, the marketplace for non-alcoholic drinks in North America has evolved away from the current model. To achieve longer term profitability and growth, PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company have both decided to buy the majority of their North American bottling operations. In this report, we will explain how the market has changed and why we expect PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company to be better off in the future. To begin, we need to explain the traditional role of the parent company and its system of bottlers. The parent company (The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo), also called the â€Å"concentrate company,† is basically in charge of producing the concentrate or syrup that is used in a manufacturing process which ends up as a bottle or can of Coke or Pepsi on a shelf in a store. More importantly, it is the concentrate company’s job to create demand through advertising, marketing, and strategic planning. The bottlers buy the concentrate and then manufacture the product so that it can be distributed to a network of retailers and dealers. One major change that has taken place has been the  consolidation of the retail industry. In particular, the discount retailers (Walmart & Target) have allocated a larger portion of square footage to food. For example, about half of 2009 revenues for Walmart (WMT) was attributed to grocery. This compares to 28% of revenues only five years ago. For Target (TGT), food accounts for 16% of sales. Currently, Walmart is the largest grocer in the U.S. with about double the market share of the next largest competitor, Kroger (KR). In 2001, Walmart and Kroger were neck and neck. In 2007, the top fifteen food retailers accounted for 64.4% of U.S. sales compared to 50.1% in 2001. Exhibit 1 in the original PDF shows the evolution of market share from 2001-2007.3 The growth of Walmart is especially impressive. In North America, 19% of revenues for PepsiCo were allocated to Walmart (including Sam’s Club) up from 13% in 2006.3 In short, the food retail segment has become more concentrated and more powerful. The demands for better service from The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have increased. Retailers require more flexibility, innovation, and speed. Consumer beverage choices have shifted production away from the bottlers. Consumers have become more health conscious. Consumers are now more concerned about calories and are interested in drinks that are convenient and healthy. Consumers are buying less carbonated soft drinks and more in new beverage categories. These new categories of beverages include sports drinks, liquid tea, liquid coffee, energy drinks, and bottled water. Exhibit 2 in the original PDF illustrates the change in market share over a five year time frame.4 Overall, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have maintained their total share of the non-alcoholic beverage industry through product expansions, innovation, and acquisitions, including transactions such as PepsiCo’s acquisition of Gatorade and the Coca-Cola Company’s acquisition of Odwalla. The manufacturing process to produce a can of Coke is different from producing a bottle of Powerade. The added complexity of certain products has shifted the manufacturing process away from the bottler. Generally, most sports drinks, teas, juices, and dairy based drinks are manufactured at the concentrate company while carbonated drinks and bottled water are manufactured by the bottler. Those drinks produced at the concentrate company are called, finished goods. These changes have resulted in less profit for the bottlers. The bottlers did not benefit from the growth and higher profitability in finished goods. Capacity utilization has  been down with lack of growth in carbonated soft drinks. Also, bottled water, which was able to offset some of the lower growth in carbonated soft drinks, has been slowing over the last couple of years. In the future, most analysts in this sector agree that higher growth products will require a more complex manufacturing process. Under the old model, this would have been bad for bottlers. Years ago, most large bottlers made a significant capital investment which counted on sustained growth in carbonated soft drinks. Profit strained, the bottlers were less willing this time around to invest in new beverage categories. This was one of the reasons why the bottlers missed out on the popularity of noncarbonated soft drinks. The combination of concentrate company and bottler should yield cost savings and efficiencies allowing for additional reinvestment. Overcapacity and redundant distribution will be rationalized. One example is the sale of both fountain and bottled products to the same location by two different distribution channels. Going forward, one channel will service that particular customer. The combination should lead to a greater use of warehouse distribution versus the current direct-store-delivery system, which is used by the bottlers. The warehouse delivery system (product gets delivered to the retailer’s distribution center and the retailer ships the product to the store) is one that is in demand from large retailers given the lower cost, leaving the retailer with the opportunity to extract more profits from the customer without raising prices. In addition, a more efficient distribution system and less negotiation between organizations (pricing/volume decisions) should allow the product to reach the market more quickly. Despite the ownership structure, the concentrate company and bottler relationship has always been strong. Both entities need each other to survive. We believe the recent transactions are a positive strategic move for both The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo and for the industry. The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo are clearly protecting their investment in their key bottlers and securing their strategic position given changes in the consumer and retailers. Going forward, we expect that these companies will continue to adapt to succeed. These particular transactions make sense and should allow these companies to remain competitive and innovative.

Definition and Examples of Subjects in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Subjects in English Grammar In English grammar, the subject is the part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates (a) what it is about, or (b) who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). The subject is typically a noun  (The dog . . .), a  noun phrase  (My sisters Yorkshire terrier . . .), or a  pronoun  (It . . .). The subject pronouns are  I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who,  and  whoever. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb (The dog  barks). In an interrogative sentence, the subject usually follows the first part of a verb (Does the dog  ever bark?). In an  imperative sentence, the subject is commonly  said to be you understood (Bark!).  Its etymology is from the Latin, to throw. How to Identify the Subject The clearest way of spotting the subject of a sentence is to turn the sentence into a yes-no question (by this we mean a question which can be answered with either yes or no). In English, questions are formed by reversing the order between the subject and the first verb which follows it. Look at the following example: He can keep a Tamagotchi alive for more than a week. The appropriate question here if we want a yes or no as an answer is: Can he keep a Tamagotchi alive for more than a week? Here he and can have changed places and that means that he must be the subject in the first sentence. . . .If there is no suitable verb in the original sentence, then use dummy do, and the subject is the constituent which occurs between do and the original verb.(Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2010) Subject Examples and Observations The Grinch hated Christmas.(Dr. Seuss, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! 1957)We should take Bikini Bottom and push it somewhere else!(Patrick in Squid on Strike.  SpongeBob  SquarePants,  2001)Momma was preparing our evening meal, and  Uncle Willie leaned on  the door sill.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 1969)My master made me this collar. He is a good and smart master, and he made me this collar so that I may speak.(Dug in Up, 2009)The saber-toothed  tiger was prowling around the bottom of the tree, growling, as it looked for an easier way up. Then something caught its attention.(Damian Harvey, The Mudcrusts:  Saber-Toothed Terrors.  2010)Sophie was especially excited because she  and her friends were  performing the opening dance at the Misty Wood fair.(Lily Small, Sophie the Squirrel.  2017)Fettucini alfredo is macaroni and cheese for adults.(Mitch Hedberg)You cant try to do things; you simply must do them.(Ray Bradbury)Great spirits have alway s encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds.(Albert Einstein) Look at the circles under my eyes. I havent slept in weeks!(The Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away.(George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant. New Writing, 1936)Up to the farmhouse to dinner through the teeming, dusty field, the road under our sneakers was only a two-track road.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. Harpers, 1941)To do the thing properly, with any hope of ending up with a genuine duplicate of a single person, you really have no choice. You must clone them all.(Lewis Thomas, The Tucson Zoo)Every sentence has a truth waiting at the end of it, and the writer learns how to know it when he finally gets there.(Don DeLillo, Mao II. 1991) Challenging Traditional Definitions of a SubjectThe traditional definition of subject as referring to the doer of an action (or agent), though it is adequate for central or typical cases, will not work for all cases. For example, in passive sentences, such as John was attacked, the subject is John, but John is certainly not the doer of the attacking. Again, not all sentences, even those with transitive verbs, express any action. Examples are This book cost fifty francs and I loathe relativism. But such sentences have always traditionally been held to have subjects (in these cases, this book and I).(James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. 1994) Subjects and Predicates in Poetry[Robert] Frosts Dust of Snow justifies its form by devoting one stanza to the grammatical subject and the other to the predicate: The way a crowShook down on meThe dust of snowFrom a hemlock treeHas given my heartA change of moodAnd saved some partOf a day I had rued. (Paul Fussell, Poetic Meter and Poetic Form, 1979)

Free Essays on Pesticides

What are pesticides? Pesticides are toxins, which are used by produce growers universally to control pests and insects that can destroy crops. Many times once these products are sold, these toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Central America and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and European countries have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. One of these pesticides is DDT, which was the most common form of pesticide in the 1970’s and 1980’s, but has now been banned. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population. One reason is because their climate is steady enough to produce crops all year long. Unfortunately, those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. Over 10 million species of different inse... Free Essays on Pesticides Free Essays on Pesticides PESTICIDES Pesticides are chemicals that are used to destroy pests. In the agricultural industry, pesticides are classified into two categories, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic. A carcinogenic pesticide is a substance or agent producing or inciting cancer. On the other hand, a non-carcinogenic pesticide is substance that does not produce or incite cancer. Most agricultural pesticides were registered in the 1950’s, with no standard regulations. The most considerable standard prior to the amendments of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) was if a revocation of a pesticide occurred. Today, the numerous amount of pesticides used in the United States are regulated by the FFDCA. The Delaney Clause and the Food Quality Protection Act have modified and enforced pesticide regulations. Consumer concerns with the usage of pesticides in the agricultural industry, in regards to health factors, have overwhelmed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and demand they e nforce pesticide regulations. With the assistance from other organizations such as the Senate Agriculture Committee (SAC), National Academy of Science (NAS), National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and Consumers Union (CU), the EPA has made a notable progress. Throughout the years, consumers have pushed for research of the chemicals and substances that produce agricultural pesticides and what these pesticides do to our internal system. Congressman, James J. Delaney was also convinced that too many pesticide chemicals were found in foods. So in 1958, the House Select Committee investigated the use of chemicals in food products and amended section 409 of the FFDCA, in result creating The Delaney Clause. The bill The Delaney Clause was put into practice to avoid carcinogenic pesticides in the United States food supply. According to Congressional Reports, the intent of the bill was to reduce public exposure to a wide range of health eff... Free Essays on Pesticides What are pesticides? Pesticides are toxins, which are used by produce growers universally to control pests and insects that can destroy crops. Many times once these products are sold, these toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Central America and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and European countries have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. One of these pesticides is DDT, which was the most common form of pesticide in the 1970’s and 1980’s, but has now been banned. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population. One reason is because their climate is steady enough to produce crops all year long. Unfortunately, those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. Over 10 million species of different inse...

Investment in Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Investment in Nike - Essay Example The dividends discount model makes a comparison between future forecasted dividends with the firm’s current share price and then applies the firm’s growth rate to get the total figure. Many experts believe that the dividend discount model (DDM) greatly benefits investors because it makes investors think about the different market scenarios depending on how the stock is performing. Furthermore, the dividend discount model relies upon a lot of speculation in attempting to predict future dividends. This implies that the outcomes of this model are based around generalizations that are made. It is usually hard to determine the correct growth rate because a company most likely has a wide range of growth rates over a long period of time due to the fluctuating economy. It is for this reason alone that analysts do not tend to make projections based on past growth rates. Above all, there are no direct adjustments for risk with the dividends discount model. The earnings capitalization model (ECM) is basic and easy enough to understand by practically anyone because it determines the value of a business by looking at the current benefit of realizing cash flow in the short-term, rather than in the long-term. However, this model does not accurately estimate equity costs for firms that are expanding, so it is predominantly used only for firms that are experiencing zero growth. The Discounted Cash Flow Analysis in Exhibit 2 demonstrated that, at a discount rate of 12 percent, Nike’s current share price was overvalued at $42.09. But a sensitivity analysis disclosed that Nike was undervalued at discount rates lower than 11.2 percent. We came up with an appropriate discount rate—Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). This formula showed that the discount rate was less than 11.2 percent at around 10.59 percent.  

The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach Essay

The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach - Essay Example The essay "The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach" explores Pablo Picasso's painting. This painting Reclining Woman on the Beach has two distinct and strongly contrasting elements, the first being the woman and the beach she is lying on, and the second being the mountains and sky that serve as a background to the image. The woman and the beach she is lying on both use thick lines and broad, sweeping curves to define their shapes, while the mountain tops in the background are jagged geometric affairs like triangular teeth cutting into the sky, which creates offset parallel strucutures between the sky and the mountains – that is, if you mirrored the sky over a horizontal plane of the painting, it would make the shape of the mountains, and the mountains would make the shape of the sky. The coloration in the two main elements are also vastly different – the woman is predominantly pale or pearly, but has many dashes of different colors throughout her body, that fade in an d out gradually – green in some places, purple in others and so on. The mountains and sky, on the other hand, are broad swaths of a single color, with the mountains having distinct blotches of white on them. The jagged mountain tops serve as a geometrical counterpoint to the curve of the woman, emphasizing her curviness and underscoring the fundamental importance of curves to a woman’s beauty or form. Furthermore, the softy changing colors on the woman’s body could indicate aging, and imply mutability, which combined with her soft curves. contrast with the broad expanses of unchanging colors on the mountains and the sky, reminding the viewer about the corruptibility of beauty and the frailty of life, especially when compared with the age old mountains that go on essentially unchanged. With all this contrast, Picasso ties together the two elements by treating them with broadly the same light and texture to create a unified work out of all of these disparate parts . There are many elements of design present that touch on similar topics to the elements of form. The scale of the woman, who takes up the vast majority of the space on the canvas, both implies the woman is in the foreground (obviously) but also puts her in a relative position of power over the mountains, which are made subordinate by their less imposing size. She even casts a shadow on the mountains, making it appear that they are in fact close behind her and she is simply massive, further reinforcing her importance. The mountains are essentially the same shape, repeated again and again, which serves to emphasize their regularity and eternal nature, which calls the viewer’s attention to how unique the woman reclining on the beach is, that she is one-of-a kind, and that every person, while sharing forma similarities to other people, is completely unique. This composition is notably lacking in white space, with the closest things being the sky in the background and the orange shape that takes up a portion of the right side of the screen. This both makes the woman seem to be the negative space, but also gives a crowded compositional element to contrast to the woman’s apparent ease. The content of this work appears to be an analysis of the woman’s form, a kind of toying with it that over-emphasizes some shapes while under-emphasizing others. The ratio of the woman’s head to the rest of her body may be a telling indication of the focus of the piece, which could be set to objectify the woman who is at its heart. It also touches on themes of beauty, of the unique visual nature of each individual human, and of the soft, changing mutability of human nature in contrast to the