Saturday, December 21, 2019

Anthropology In The Early-Twentieth-Century Contained...

Anthropology in the early-twentieth-century contained theories that departed from those of the unilineal evolution in the nineteenth century. The unilineal evolutionary theory argued that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process; therefore, progressing from being a primitive society to the most advanced, or civilized, in a uniform manner. The theory that species were thought to evolve into increasing complexity was applied to societies’ development to progress from a simple to complex state. It was thought that most societies arrive, ultimately, at a common end as a fully civilized nation. Lewis Henry Morgan, an advocate for and an ethnological scholar of the Iroquois, delineated human culture into three basic stages:†¦show more content†¦72). Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict popularized this concept as they humanized Anthropology by incorporating observations of human feelings and other psychological states. Following Boas, Lowie rejected and critici zed Morgan’s cultural evolutionary approach, and insisted that there is â€Å"no one determinant of culture† (Erickson and Murphy, p. 68). Furthermore, Kroeber promoted the concept of the â€Å"superorganic†, which emphasizes the â€Å"importance of environment over heredity†; thus endorsing Boas’ theory that human behavior results more from nurture than nature (Erickson and Murphy, p. 69). Accordingly, Kroeber launched the search for cultural patterns and its adaptations that correspond to the variation of environments. The results rendered by these scholars promoted the idea that each society contains its own unique culture and social constructs that conflict with Morgan’s theory of uniform progress towards a civilized society. To further aid in the argument against unilineal evolution, Bronislaw Malinowski stressed the importance of achieving ethnographic understanding through a subjective participation and objective observation method when studying different societies and their cultures (Erickson and Murphy, p. 94). As a result of the emphasis on the method of participant-observation, Anthropology has been distinguished from other social science disciplines by its emphasis on cultural relativity, in-depth examination of (historical) context, cross-culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Various Theories of Criminology 1276 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping the theories. What role do criminologists play in the field of criminology? The term criminologist is used to describe any individual who is employed in the criminal justice field regardless of formal training. (Schmalleger) These individuals study crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. Those responsible for collecting and examining physical evidence of crime are referred to as criminalists. Criminologists perform a variety of activities such as data gathering, data analysis, theory constructionRead MoreDiscuss the Nature, Scope and Objectives of the Study of Criminology.1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthe causes of the emergence of crime. It was the beginning of science called criminology. Multidisciplinary of that discipline makes that some people think is considered to be irrelevant as the field of study. However, a huge level of knowledge contained in criminology, is very useful in everyday life, not only for ordinary human but also for smaller or bigger corporations. For Business Management stu dents such as me study criminology, is extremely useful. Gained knowledge help to avoid situationsRead Moresociology4813 Words   |  20 Pagessystem of economic interaction is a ritual expression rather than an economic arrangemnt. both interactional and attributional approaches have its own drawbacks but nonttheless these contexts of explaining castes is undoubtedly an advance over the early religious and sociological explanations of caste system. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/caste.aspx An agragrian social structure as we know is a society in which economy prevails over agriculture or cultivation of land and animal husbandryRead MoreChanging Structure and Function of Family: a Study of Indian Society3979 Words   |  16 Pageseconomic superstructure of society. It is not possible to identify when the Indian family began to undergo changes. The system never was completely static of course, and changes proceeded slowly throughout the twentieth century. Marked change followed from the fourth decade of the twentieth century, particularly after the independence. There are so many scholars who tried to find out the changing pattern of the Indian family system by conducting different empirical studies and researches. Some of theRead MoreLanguage Is the Mirror of Society4885 Words   |  20 Pagessociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latters focus is on the languages effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, ageRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: The records of literary criticism and theory are almost as old as literature itself. As known, literary criticism is a sort of mental exercise of evaluating, classifying, analyzing, interpreting, judging, and valuing the literary art. This indicates that criticism also includes creative skill to comprehend the literary artist’s work first, and then put forward one’s valid view. In this sense, it is really ‘meta-literature’. The world’s successful critics and theorists are only the renownedRead MoreTrobriand Islanders-Malinowski and Weiner10855 Words   |  44 Pagesis the further point that in situating women outside history, Weiner has reproduced Eurocentric notions of an unchanging womens world. But womens worlds in the Pacific, though they may have remained virtually invisible or [pic] ― 39 ― hidden to centuries of male observers, have certainly not persisted unchanged. Exchanges of womens wealth have assumed an inflated and a novel significance since Malinowskis time—not only securing the regeneration of Trobriand persons but ensuring the perpetuity ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreContributions of Management6175 Words   |  25 PagesContributions of Management Theory and Practice to Emergency Management John C. Pine is the Director of the Disaster Science and Management, Professor-Research with the Department of Environmental Studies and Interim Chair of the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, LA. (225) 578-1075 Email: jpine@lsu.edu httt://www.risk.lsu.edu Abstract This chapter takes a look at the impact that management theory and how the basic functions andRead MoreRepresentation of the Other in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay4463 Words   |  18 PagesRepresentation of the ‘Other’ in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Abstract This study aims at examining the representation of the’ other’ as portrayed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre (1847). It attempts to inspect how the ‘Other’ is viewed in Nineteenth century England and the cultural ideology behind such specific representation. It poses crucial questions as to why the ‘Other’ is always represented negatively in main-stream western narrative as in the case of Bertha Mason who is portrayed as a madwoman

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.